Switchable gas and liquid release and delivery devices, systems, and methods

ABSTRACT

Methods, systems, and devices are disclosed for implementing switchable dispensing and/or delivery of scented substances. In one aspect, a device includes a cartridge structured to include one or more chambers containing one or more scented substances contained in a corresponding chamber, a housing structured to include a compartment to hold the cartridge, an opening to allow the scented substances to dispense to an outer environment from the device, and one or more transporting channels formed between the compartment and the opening, in which each of the one or more transporting channels is configured to accelerate a scented substance from the corresponding chamber to the opening, and an actuator switch arranged in a corresponding transporting channel and operable to move between an open position and a closed position based on an applied signal to selectively allow passage of the scented substance from the corresponding transporting path.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This patent document is continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.15/879,332, entitled “SWITCHABLE GAS AND LIQUID RELEASE AND DELIVERYDEVICES, SYSTEMS, AND METHODS” filed on Jan. 24, 2018, which is acontinuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/786,505, entitled“SWITCHABLE GAS AND LIQUID RELEASE AND DELIVERY DEVICES, SYSTEMS, ANDMETHODS” filed on Oct. 22, 2015, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,907,876, issued onMar. 6, 2018, which is a 35 U.S.C. § 371 National Stage application ofInternational Application No. PCT/US2014/035054, entitled “SWITCHABLEGAS AND LIQUID RELEASE AND DELIVERY DEVICES, SYSTEMS, AND METHODS” filedApr. 22, 2014, which further claims benefit of priority of U.S.Provisional Patent Application No. 61/814,810, entitled “SWITCHABLE GASAND LIQUID RELEASE AND DELIVERY DEVICES, SYSTEMS, AND METHODS” filed onApr. 22, 2013. The entire content of the aforementioned patentapplications are incorporated by reference as part of the disclosure ofthis patent document.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This patent document relates to systems, devices, and methods forrelease and delivery of gas, vapor, and liquid substances.

BACKGROUND

Augmented reality is a direct or indirect experience by an individual tosupplement elements into the user's perception of a physical, real-worldenvironment. Typically, augmented elements include sensory input, e.g.,such as sound, video or graphics, scents or smells, or other. Incontrast, virtual reality is an experience by an individual where thereal environment is replaced by a simulated one.

Various technologies have been developed for producing virtual andaugmented reality and multi-sensory applications for entertainment,education, engineering, advertising, biomedical and medicine includingremote surgery, military, and other purposes. For example, technologiesthat can provide sensory effects to the user or observer, e.g.,including haptics, scents, wind or mist, have been introduced intovirtual reality and entertainment applications for the purpose ofcreating the feeling of greater realism and for providing for a moreimmersive experience. Design of scent delivery devices that allowreliable, rapid switching of scented air flux in a repeatable manner bysynchronizable, remote actuation could have a significant impact on theeffectiveness of the virtual, sensory, immersive, or augmented realityexperience. Furthermore, such devices should offer practical, economic,scalable, mechanically and electrically reliable, and efficienton-demand control and precision-timed scent delivery for effective useby individual users or groups.

SUMMARY

Techniques, systems, and devices are disclosed for rapidly and easilyswitching the dispensing and delivery of fluids (e.g., liquids, vapors,or gas) on-demand.

The present technology includes techniques, systems, and devices toprovide highly scalable, multiple-gated, odor/scent release anddelivery, including rapid switching for on-demand dispensing of suchscented substances. In some implementations, for example, the disclosedtechniques, systems, and devices deliver a scented gas into a localizedspace (e.g., such as the headspace of an individual), which can enhancevirtual or augmented reality entertainment.

The subject matter described in this patent document can be implementedin specific ways that provide one or more of the following features. Forexample, the disclosed technology includes devices that allowconvenient, remote, electrically actuatable odor-release switches, suchas based on latchable magnetic switches, piezoelectric, or thermallyactuatable devices. For a capability to selectively release one or moreof many different types of gases or liquids, X-Y matrix operationalrelease systems are also disclosed. The disclosed technology is capableof miniaturizing scent delivery apparatuses, systems, and/or mechanismswhile maximizing the number of different scents that can be stored,dispensed and cycled or sequenced in automated fashion or on demandExemplary applications of the present technology include the delivery ofa scented gas into a localized space (e.g., such as the headspace of anindividual) that is highly suited, among other things, to sensory orvirtual or augmented reality experiences and entertainment.

In one aspect, a scent deliver device is provided to include a cartridgestructured to store one or more scented substances; a transportingchannel coupled to the cartridge to receive and transport the one ormore stored scented substances and configured to include an end openingfor releasing the transported one or more stored scented substances; andan actuator switch coupled to the transporting channel and operable tomove between an open position and a closed position based on an appliedsignal to selectively allow passage of the one or more scentedsubstances to the opening.

Those and other features are described in greater detail in thedrawings, the description and the claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of an exemplary scent delivery device ofthe disclosed technology.

FIG. 2A shows a schematic diagram of an exemplary magnetically actuatedlatchable switch of the exemplary scent delivery device.

FIGS. 2B and 2C show schematic diagrams of another exemplarymagnetically latchable switch for closing and opening of an orifice tocontrol dispensing of a scent.

FIG. 3A shows a magnetization plot of an exemplary square loop magneticmaterial with optimally low magnetic coercivity suitable for theexemplary magnetically actuated latchable switch.

FIGS. 3B and 3C show images of exemplary square loop magnetic materialstructures by spinodal decomposition of Fe—Cr—Co alloy to producespherical Fe-rich, strongly magnetic phase followed by uniaxial plasticdeformation to elongate the phase to impart shape anisotropy.

FIG. 4 shows a magnetization plot showing magnetic switching in anexemplary square loop magnetic loop material.

FIGS. 5A and 5B show schematic illustrations of an exemplary verticallypositioned magnetically latchable switch in a scent transportcompartment.

FIGS. 6A and 6B show schematic illustrations of an exemplaryelectrically activated local heater valve for scent release on/offswitching operations.

FIGS. 7A and 7B show schematic illustrations of an exemplaryelectrically activated piezoelectric valve for scent release on/offswitching operations.

FIGS. 8A and 8B show schematic illustrations of an exemplary single-fanand multi-fan enhanced operation of scent transport via a nano- ormicro-scale channels in an exemplary multi-channel transporting channelarray.

FIG. 9 shows a schematic illustration of an exemplary bubbling deliverymechanism of ambient temperature scented gas using subdividedmicro-bubblets.

FIG. 10A shows a schematic illustration of an exemplary bubblingdelivery mechanism of ambient temperature scented gas using porousstructured paths.

FIG. 10B shows a schematic illustration of an exemplary alternativeembodiment of mechanism shown in FIG. 10A.

FIG. 10C shows a schematic illustration of an exemplary alternativeembodiment of mechanism shown in FIG. 10A.

FIG. 10D shows a schematic illustration of an exemplary alternativeembodiment of mechanism shown in FIG. 10A, and shows illustrativediagrams of exemplary highly porous structures including microstructureand/or nanostructure configurations.

FIG. 10E show scanning electron micrograph (SEM) images of exemplarylarge-surface-area porous structures of the exemplary mechanisms ofFIGS. 10A-10D.

FIG. 11 shows a schematic illustration of an exemplary bubbling deliverymechanism of ambient temperature scented gas using vertically alignedporous paths.

FIG. 12 shows a schematic illustration of an exemplary enhanced bubblingdelivery mechanism of scented gas using electrically on-demand heat-ablesubdivider columns or walls.

FIG. 13 shows an illustrative diagram of an exemplary magnetic latchthat may be opened by demagnetizing the remanent magnetization in thecore of the electromagnet using a transistor-based control circuit tocontrol the application of the signal to cause actuation.

FIG. 14A shows an illustrative diagram of an exemplary 3×3 matrix ofmagnetic latches and transistors in a transistor-based control circuitfor controlling the row and column of a selected latch.

FIG. 14B shows an illustrative diagram of an exemplary magnetic gatingarray for air path switch-on/switch-off combined with an array of scentgeneration mechanisms corresponding to the air path.

FIG. 15 shows an illustrative diagram of an exemplary 3×3 matrix ofmagnetic latches and transistors in a transistor-based control circuitfor controlling the row and column of a selected latch, in which themagnetic latch of row 3, column B is activated.

FIG. 16 shows an illustrative diagram of an exemplary piezoelectricactuated gating valve (e.g., a latch) which may be opened by applying avoltage to the piezoelectric actuator component that contracts as aresult of an applied voltage.

FIG. 17 shows a schematic of an exemplary 3×3 matrix of piezoelectricactuated gating valves (e.g., latches) with transistor in atransistor-based control circuit for controlling the row and column of aselected latch.

FIG. 18 shows a schematic of an exemplary 3×3 matrix of piezoelectricactuated gating valves (latches) and transistors in a transistor-basedcontrol circuit for controlling the row and column of a selected latch,in which the magnetic latch of row 1, column C is activated.

FIG. 19 shows an image illustrating, for example, that selected scentsby an exemplary delivery device of the disclosed technology can bedelivered on demand directionally into the headspace of the individualor at the nose directly using an armature type structure attachable orbuilt into worn accessories such as eyeglasses, or via alternativeembodiments or structures.

FIGS. 20A-20C show schematic illustrations of exemplary embodiments of ascent release device of the disclosed technology with respect to thebuilding.

FIG. 21 shows schematic diagrams of an exemplary airstream diffuser cupor section of an exemplary scent release device.

FIG. 22 shows a series of schematic diagrams illustrating scentedairflow circulation within the exemplary airstream diffuser cup orsection of the exemplary scent release device of FIG. 21.

FIG. 23 shows schematic diagrams of an exemplary airstream diffuser cupor section of an exemplary scent release device including an inner cup.

FIG. 24 shows schematic diagrams of an exemplary airstream diffuser cupor section of an exemplary scent release device including a perforatedinner cup.

FIG. 25 shows schematic diagrams of an exemplary spiral-shaped airstreamdiffuser cup or section of an exemplary scent release device.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Disclosed are highly scalable techniques, systems, and devices foron-demand dispensing and delivery of scented substances, e.g., includingliquids, vapors or gas. Scent delivery devices of the disclosedtechnology include convenient, remote, electrically actuatablescent-release components based on, e.g., latchable magnetic,piezoelectric, or thermally actuatable switches and mechanisms. In someimplementations, for example, the scent delivery devices includenanoscale and microscale material structures to control formation and/ordelivery of fluids (e.g., such as liquids, vapors, or gases) to producethe scented substances. In some implementations, for example, thedisclosed technology provides capability to selectively release one ormore of many different types of gases or liquids, e.g., using X-Y matrixoperational release systems. The present technology offers theminiaturization of the scent delivery mechanism while maximizing thenumber of different scents that can be stored, dispensed, and cycled orsequenced in an automated fashion and/or on demand Applications of thepresent technology include, but are not limited to, the delivery of ascented gas into a localized space (e.g., such as the headspace of anindividual) that is highly suited, among other things, to virtual,sensory, or augmented reality experiences and entertainment.

By increasing the potential number of different scents for relativelyrapid sequential delivery, e.g., the disclosed scent delivery devicesoffer the possibility of more complex and sophisticated sensory(olfactory) communication, sampling, branding or advertising, as well asgreater dramatic possibilities and/or enhanced realism within a virtualor augmented reality or sensory experience. For example, in some cases,the disclosed devices can be used as an olfactory display or as a calleridentifier in a mobile phone. In other examples, the disclosed devicescan be used in motion pictures or videogames (e.g., by way of a widerange of multi-scent tracks available for delivery timed coincident withscenes, actions or elements of drama). Other exemplary applications ofnano- or micro- device control and on demand delivery of scented gas orliquids include, for example, (a) point of sale or augmented realityadvertising; (b) scented packaging; (c) fragrance-emitting jewelryembedded with the mechanism/device to dispense and cycle differentperfumes, selected, set by or reacting to biofeedback of the wearer, inwhich the mechanism generates an invisible cloud of scent in or aroundthe immediate space near or around the wearer; (d) air fresheners insmall, enclosed spaces such as shelving or other furnishings, or thatcan be attached to fixtures; (e) olfactory branding or signaling; (f)military applications for control or influence of individual behavior;(g) aromatherapy; (h) medical therapy, drug delivery or remote orvirtual surgery; (i) hygiene; (j) education; and/or (k) use inmulti-sensory apparatuses providing neurological, multi-modal effects,among other applications.

The disclosed technology provides several advantages. One exemplaryadvantage of the present technology is the versatile design using asimplified valve-containing dispensing or valveless dispensing thatallows the choice of scents (e.g., including chemicals in a carrier gas)by the user on demand Such designs include exemplary latachable-switchgating' mechanisms of the disclosed technology. For example, theseexemplary gating mechanisms not only replaces the need for complicatedmechanical valves, but also minimizes the electrical input necessary tocontrol the gating, and is also scalable to small dimensions, e.g.,including on a millimeter scale, thereby adding to the reduction in sizeand weight (and portability, placement or wearability) of a device orapparatus embodying the technology.

Some existing systems utilize a valveless system capable of dispensingsmall volumes of scents into a localized space, however, the technicalrequirements of the dimensions of the delivery capillaries diameters andlengths are, in themselves, limiting. An advantage of the presenttechnology is that there are no such limitations. Some other existingsystems that use a valveless technology employ a primary method ofevaporating and dispensing a scented gas via a heating element whosetime required to create a required volume of scented gas iscomparatively disadvantaged to the present technology whose mechanismsenable the rapid generation of a scented gas. These and other existingscent generating devices also have limitations in terms speed,dimension, selectivity and durability. Also, existing technologiescurrently employed to selectively release scents into a localized space,or headspace, are limited by the number of different scents capable ofbeing cycled or sequenced, timed and controlled for on-demand precisiondelivery. Moreover, machines that do have scalable multi-scentingcapability and precision timed control and delivery of scented gas intoa headspace (or to the nose) such as olfactomers are relatively large insize and are not portable or wearable.

The disclosed technology can also include the use of ‘cold diffusion’technology, which, for example, generates a scented gas without the useof heating as a primary mechanism to evaporate a scent-carrying liquid.Delivery of evaporated scent via the present technology also obviatesthe inherent deposition and other disadvantages and risks in deliveringatomized scent at close range to an object or individual. Cold diffusionalso avoids certain limitations or drawbacks associated with usingheating as the primary mechanism to evaporate a liquid, including theenergy required to achieve fast evaporation for rapid gas formation anddelivery, and undesirably altering the properties or behavior of thescent-generating chemical components by heating.

Other primary mechanisms for generating an evaporated (e.g., completelyevaporated) scented gas can include the passage of air on the surface ofa scented solvent or other material, or through a porous solid, gel orother scented substance. In the present technology, for example in oneembodiment, microbubbles of air are created and pumped through a solventor oil containing scented material and generating a scented gas uponexit at the surface of the solvent or oil. The use of microbubbles insuch a way maximizes the potential for large surface area contact of air(or gas) within the scented solvent or oil, thereby increasing potentialdiffusion, and as a result reducing the time necessary to deliver adesired volume of scented air.

Most examples of existing selective scent releasing and delivery systemsintroduced to-date are limited by either ineffective control, lack ofprecision timing deliverable to the intended target, unwanted mix ofscents during sequenced delivery, lingering scent in the environment,the mechanical reliability, energy efficiency and/or the cost and sizeof the delivery apparatus. Diffusion of a large volume of scent into alarge area is comparatively difficult to quickly clear from the air (ordissipate), thereby limiting the rapidity with which a succeeding scentcan be delivered ‘cleanly’ to individuals within the space. Forentertainment applications, for example, in many instances scented airis released into the general space of a theater via the ventilationsystem or fans, or in and around seating.

Such conventional delivery mechanisms inherently have limited or nomultiplexing capabilities, nor can they provide rapid scent deliverycapability precision-timed to the headspaces of individuals. Further,the existing systems have difficulty providing simultaneous scented airdelivery (of uniform distribution) to each member of an audience, insynchrony with a specific event or time within an audiovisualpresentation such as a motion picture or videogame. Examples of existingsystems that can release scent within seating area include the Sensoramagame system from which a scent is released from the chair according tothe displayed scene and the steering wheel can provide mechanicalvibrations. In movies such as those in the AMLUX theatre, scents werereleased in conjunction with visual images. Scent release by evaporatingor spraying a scented material has been utilized for the training offire-fighters and scent-emitting collars have been employed for thetraining of soldiers. However, many of these known approaches areimpractical, operationally unreliable, or limited in their capacity forprecision-timed, multiplexing scent delivery. Therefore, there is a needfor a reliable scent release and delivery system having rapidlyswitchable, automated and/or remote, actuatable and multi-cycle durablecharacteristics, that incorporate x-y matrix operational systemsenabling controlled, timed scent release from many different sources ofscents (with a minimal number of controlling mechanisms).

Referring to the drawings, FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of an exemplaryscent delivery device 100 of the disclosed technology. The device 100includes a housing or casing unit 110 structured to include acompartment 111 to hold a cartridge 120 containing one or a plurality ofscented substances. The scented substances can include any of a varietyof fluids, e.g., including a liquid, a gas, or a vapor. The housing 110of the device 100 is structured to include one or more openings 113 toallow the scented substances to dispense to an outer environment fromthe device 100. The housing 110 of the device 100 is structured toinclude one or more transporting channels 115 formed between thecompartment 111 and the opening(s) 113. In various exemplary embodimentsof the device 100, a transporting channel 115 is configured to deliveror accelerate a scented substance from a storage chamber, e.g., of thecartridge 120, to the opening 113. The cartridge 120 supplying thescented substances to the scent delivery device 100 can be structured toinclude one or more chambers 121 containing the one or more scentedsubstances, for example, where a particular scented substance can becontained in a particular corresponding chamber. The device 100 can beimplemented to control the delivery of one or more of the scentedsubstances to the outer environment, e.g., including a headspace of auser. To provide such control, the device 100 includes one or moreactuator switches 130, in which an actuator switch 130 is arranged in acorresponding transporting channel 115 and operable to move between anopen position and a closed position based on an applied signal toselectively allow passage of the scented substance to flow throughand/or from the corresponding transporting path 115. The actuatorswitches 130 of the device 100 can include a magnetic actuated gatingswitch mechanism, a piezoelectric actuated gating switch mechanism,and/or a thermal actuated gating switch mechanism or device of thedisclosed technology. Examples of the magnetic, piezoelectric, andthermal actuated switch mechanisms and devices are described herein.

FIG. 2A shows a schematic illustration of an exemplary magneticallyactuated latchable switch 200 of the disclosed technology. For example,the magnetically actuated latchable switch 200 can be positioned in thedevice 100, e.g., in the transporting channel 115, so that the flow ofthe scented substance can be regulated by actuation of the switch 200.The magnetically latchable switch 200 includes a latchable (square M-Hloop) magnetic alloy cantilever 203, which is surrounded by a solenoid201 to supply a pulse current to instantaneously magnetize thecantilever 203. For example, the latchable square M-H loop cantilever203 can be configured to be 0.05-0.5 mm thick, 0.1-2 mm wide, 1.0-5 mmlong). For example, the mini solenoid 201 can be configured around thecantilever 203 including 1000 turns. The magnetically latchable switch200 includes a mating cantilever 202 that contacts the cantilever 203 ina closed position (e.g., at a first magnetic state) and moves away fromthe cantilever 203 in an open position to provide an opening or orifice(e.g., at a second magnetic state).

The exemplary magnetically latchable switch 200 can open or close with asingle pulse magnetic field, e.g., supplied with a pulse current. Thelatchable (square M-H loop) magnetic alloy cantilever 203 is placedinside a mini solenoid to supply the pulse current to instantaneouslymagnetize the cantilever. For operation of the magnetic latchable switch200, the mating magnetic cantilever 202 is arranged to couple to thecantilever 203 in the closed position, and can be configured as astationary magnet or as a movable cantilever. The mating magneticmaterial 202 can be a soft magnet (e.g., a permalloy, for example,having 80% Ni-20% Fe in weight % or 45% Ni-55% Fe, or a silicon steel,or other), a semi-hard magnet (e.g., Fe—Cr, Fe—Ni, and other magneticalloys), or a permanent magnet (e.g., Fe—Cr—Co, Vicalloy, Sm-Co coatedcantilever).

The magnetic properties of a magnetic material can be described byseveral parameters, e.g., including a saturation magnetization (Bs) thatindicates the highest possible magnetization value in the givenmaterial, the remanent magnetization (Br) that indicates the remainingmagnetization value after the applied field is removed to zero field,and the coercive force (Hc) which is an indication of a requiredexternal applied magnetic field that needs to be applied to reduce/forcethe magnetization of the material to zero, which indicates how hard orsoft the magnetic material is.

FIGS. 2B and 2C show schematic diagrams of another exemplarymagnetically latchable switch 210 for closing and opening of an orificeto control dispensing of a scent.

The magnetically actuated latchable switch 210 can be composed of twomating magnetic components that can be independently controlled byexternally applied pulse magnetic field, for example, by sending anelectric current through a solenoid to cause one of the magneticcomponent to move from one position to another, e.g., to and from anopen and a closed position. For example, the magnetically actuatedlatchable switch 200 can be positioned in the device 100, e.g., in thetransporting channel 115, so that the flow of the scented substance canbe regulated by actuation of the switch 200.

As shown in FIG. 2B, the two magnetic mating components 211 and 214 ofthe magnetically latchable switch 210. The magnetic component 214 can beconfigured as a solenoid like that of the latchable (square M-H loop)magnetic alloy cantilever 203 and solenoid 201 of FIG. 2A, in which themagnetic component arm 214 can be magnetized based on an appliedelectrical pulse current. The switch 210 includes a tip or plug 212attached to the magnetic component arm 211, which contacts a ring orcomponent 213 having an orifice to allow passage of the scentedsubstance. The tip 212 contacts the plug 213 in the closed position suchthat the tip 212 blocks the orifice and prevents the scented substancefrom flowing through. The tip 212 is moved out of contact with the plug212 when the magnetic component arm 211 is moved.

For example, when the square loop, magnetically latchable wire or ribbonof the magnetic component 214 is pulse magnetized to thehigh-magnetization remanent state of Br, as shown in FIG. 3A and FIG. 4,the magnetized member in the solenoid attracts the soft magnet (or hardmagnet) cantilever 211 so that the exemplary mechanically soft,elastomer-tip 212 of the cantilever 211 is moved down to contact theplug 213 and block the orifice from allowing the scent to flow through,as illustrated in FIG. 2B. For example, the tip 212 can be formed of amechanically soft material including a suitable elastomeric material,e.g., such as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). When the magneticallylatchable wire or ribbon in the solenoid is demagnetized, e.g., by ashort 60 Hz gradually diminishing field applied by the solenoid (e.g.,using gradually reduced current, for example, 0.1-1 second), themagnetization of the wire or ribbon in the solenoid is reduced to nearzero, which is represented at the origin of the plot in FIG. 3A or FIG.4. The magnetic attractive force between the two mating cantilevers 211and 214 is reduced well below the critical force required to overcomethe mechanical spring force that tends to keep the cantilevers straight.The magnetic cantilever 211 is then released and the orifice is opened.In some implementations, for example, the magnetic cantilever 211, if itis made of a soft magnet alloy, can be pre-curvatured or positionedspaced apart (e.g., such that the two cantilevers can be parallelpre-positioned with a spacing gap of 0.1-2 mm), and the two cantileverscan be separated (switch open) by the elastic restoring spring force.Alternatively, if the magnetic cantilever 211 is made of permanentmagnet, the cantilever 214 in the solenoid is magnetized to an oppositemagnetic polarity by applied pulse magnetic field (e.g., by DC pulseelectric current applied to the surrounding solenoid) to actively repeleach other. There are several exemplary variations of switch open vs.close operations that can be utilized depending on the specificoperational needs and the nature of the magnetic cantilever materialsutilized.

The exemplary magnetically latchable, scent release switch that can openor close with a single DC pulse magnetic field is highly practical andenergy-saving, as a continuous supply of electric current to keep thevalve open or closed would consume much energy and can also causeundesirable heating of the scent delivery device 100. For example, anexemplary DC pulse of the applied current can be configured to beshorter than 1 second, e.g., in some implementations shorter than 0.1second, and in other implementations, for example, less than 0.01second. For example, the magnitude of the applied magnetic field can beconfigured to be at least 30% higher than the coercive force of the coremagnetic material within the solenoid, e.g. in some implementations atleast 50% higher, and in other implementations, for example, at least100% higher than the coercive force of the magnetic material within thesolenoid.

In some implementations of the exemplary latchable-switch gatingmechanism, a brief pulse type magnetic field (e.g., generated by appliedcurrent to the solenoid) can be utilized to produce the latchablemagnetic response of the magnetically actuated latchable switch, e.g.,such as the exemplary switch 200 and 210. Notably, such operation can beimplemented instead of a continuous application of the energy-consumingelectric current and hence a continuous application of the magneticfield. For example, the pulse magnetic field needs only to be appliedjust once for magnetization. However, for the sake of ensuring theproper magnetization, the DC current pulse may optionally be appliedmore than once. An application of multiple pulses less than 10 times canbe acceptable, in which the multiple pulses can be applied to ensure themagnetic switching.

FIG. 3A shows a magnetization plot of an exemplary square loop magneticmaterial with optimally low magnetic coercivity suitable for theexemplary magnetically actuated latchable switch. FIGS. 3B and 3C showimages of exemplary square loop magnetic material structures by spinodaldecomposition of Fe—Cr—Co alloy to produce spherical Fe-rich, stronglymagnetic phase followed by uniaxial plastic deformation to elongate thephase to impart shape anisotropy.

As shown in FIG. 3A, an important feature for the exemplary solenoidconfiguration of the magnetic latchable switch is the square loop of themagnetic element in the solenoid. The latchable nature of the scentrelease/close switch is important for practical applications. As such,in such exemplary implementations, a switch open/close operation can beperformed with a single short DC pulse of e.g., 0.01-5 milliseconds: theelectrical energy used is relatively small since the electrical currentdoes not need to be supplied once the switch open/close operation isdone in a millisecond level time frame. The demagnetization to removemuch of the previous magnetization, for example, to male twomagnetically attached components to be separated, can be accomplished bygradually diminishing the AC magnetic field applied by the solenoidcurrent, which can also be very fast, requiring between a 0.1-1 secondtime frame, for example, for 60 Hz AC current signals. For example, tominimize solenoid heating and magnetic material heating on AC currentand AC magnetic field application, the number of demagnetizing cycle canbe performed in less than 1 second, and in some implementations, forexample, preferably less than 0.3 seconds.

According to the disclosed technology, for example, the desiredsquareness of the

B-H loop (the Br/Bs ratio of the remanent magnetization Br in theabsence of applied field vs. the magnetic saturation magnetization Bs)in the latchable magnetic cantilever material can be configured to be atleast 0.8 for efficient operation of latchable scent release or scentblockage functionality of the magnetically latchable switch. In someimplementations, for example, the squareness of the B-H loop can beconfigured to be at least 0.9, or in some implementations, for example,at least 0.95.

For example, to guard against inadvertent magnetic switching by strayfield and unintended scent release, the coercive force Hc can beconfigured to be at least 10 Oe, and in some implementations, forexample, at least 20 Oe, and even in some implementations, for example,at least 40 Oe. In order to perform the magnetization and magneticswitching with a reasonable, overly excessive magnetic field, thedesired Hc should also be preferably less than 100 Oe, and in someexemplary cases, less than 50 Oe.

For example, in order to obtain such a latchable magnetic material, amagnetic alloy, preferably ductile and plastically formable alloy, canbe subjected to materials processing of anisotropic uniaxialdeformation, e.g., such as wire drawing, swaging, extrusion, and coldworking. An example is an Fe-25-35% Cr-6-12% Co alloy that can bespinodally decomposed to have a two phase structure includingnear-spherical Fe, Co -rich, stronger magnetic phase nanoparticles, asshown in FIG. 3B, embedded in a weakly magnetic or nonmagnetic matrixphase, so that subsequent processing can produce desirable switchablemagnetic behavior of the material. The spherical magnetic phase can thenbe elongated by uniaxial plastic deformation of the alloy wire or rod,as shown in FIG. 3C, which provides a shape anisotropy and square loopwith the Br/Bs squareness ratio in excess of 0.8-0.9. The coercive forceHc can also be enhanced to any value from 30-500 Oe depending on theduration of heat treatment. As the preferred Hc is an intermediatevalue, it is desirable to shorten the heat treatment process in such away to provide Hc of less than 100 Oe, and in some implementations, forexample, less than 50 Oe. The exemplary spinodal alloys such as Fe—Cr—Coalso respond to the magnetic field heat treatment in the presence ofmagnetic field of, e.g., 300-100 Oe, and provides square loop magneticproperties.

Other latchable magnet alloys can also be designed and fabricated, forexample, alloys such as Fe-20% Cr, Fe-20% Cr-4% Ni, Fe-15% Cr-3% Mo canbe uniaxially deformed to produce latchable semi-hard magnet alloys.Examples of such alloys are described in the following articles:“Fe—Cr—Co Magnets”, IEEE Trans. Magn. MAG-23, 3187-3192 (1987); “LowCobalt Cr—Co—Fe Magnet Alloys by Slow Cooling Under Magnetic Field”,IEEE Trans. Magnetics, MAG-16, 526-528 (1980); and “Magnetic SensorsUsing Fe—Cr—Ni Alloys with Square Hysteresis Loops”, J. Appl. Phys. 55,2620-2622 (1984). These articles are incorporated by reference as partof the disclosure of this patent document.

FIG. 4 shows a magnetization plot showing magnetic switching in anexemplary square loop magnetic loop material. As depicted in FIG. 4, themagnetization change from the demagnetized state (the origin) followsthe dotted curve as the applied magnetic field is increased. From theoppositely magnetized state (the −Br state), the magnetization changeupon applying a positive magnetic field follows the solid curve.Therefore, the applied field H₁ cannot switch the magnetizationdirection from the zero magnetization (the origin) or from −Br state to+Br state while the applied field H₂, being larger than the coerciveforce Hc, can switch the magnetization. Only when the applied magneticfield is greater than the coercive force, a new latchable magnetization(+Br or −Br) is attained.

The latchable scent release switch can be positioned horizontally withrespect to the transporting channel, e.g., as shown in the exemplaryconfigurations of FIGS. 2A-2C, as well as be positioned vertically withrespect to the transport channel For scent controlled-release anddelivery devices employing multi-channels, the vertical arrangement maybe preferred. FIGS. 5A and 5B show schematic illustrations of anexemplary vertically positioned magnetically actuated latchable switch500 in a scent transporting channel or compartment. FIG. 5A shows anexemplary configuration of the magnetically latchable switch 500 inwhich magnetically repelling poles of the switch are actuated to openthe switch, and FIG. 5B shows an exemplary configuration of themagnetically latchable switch 500 in which magnetically attracting polesare actuated to open the switch. For example, an applied field greaterthan the coercive force Hc can switch the magnetization to actuate theswitch.

As shown in FIGS. 5A and 5B, the magnetic actuator switch includes atransfer channel path 506 for a scented substance to flow through. Themagnetic actuator switch includes a magnetically latchable andvertically-movable component 501, e.g., such as a pole, rod, or othershaped structure, aligned vertically within the channel 506. In someexamples, the vertically-moveable component can be configured withlubricated guide. The magnetic actuator switch includes a solenoidwrapped around the component 501 to pulse magnetize the component 501.The magnetic actuator switch includes a complaint tip 503 on one end ofthe component 501. In some implementations, for example, the complianttip 503 can be formed of PDMS. The magnetic actuator switch includes asoft orifice-having structure 504 configured in the transport channeland structured to include an orifice that allows the scented substanceto flow through the channel For example, the soft orifice-havingstructure 504 can be formed of PDMS. The component 501 is positioned onone side of the structure 504 such that the tip 503 is aligned with theorifice of the structure 504. The magnetic actuator switch includes afixed magnetic component 505, positioned on the other side of thestructure 504 and aligned with the orifice, such that the component 505is on the opposing side to that of the component 501. For example, thesolenoid (or ribbon) 502 of the magnetic component 501 can be connectedto a conduit to supply an applied signal to magnetize the magneticcomponent 501. In some implementations, for example, the solenoid 502can be connected to the wall of the channel path 506. For example, whenthe applied field is greater than the coercive force Hc, themagnetization polarity switching can activate and the latchable magnetposition is obtained for closure or opening of the orifice.

For example, operation of the magnetically switchable and latchablegates require only a small amount of energy as the switch ON or OFFprocess takes a very short pulse current to complete the magneticattraction or repulsion, e.g., such as 0.001 second to 1.0 second ofelectrical current application. Therefore, the use of energy by theexemplary device is minimal, and also such a short pulse operationallows the sending of a larger current, if needed, without excessivelyheating or burning the electrical circuits. The electric current orvoltage can be supplied by other energy source, e.g., such as by usingDC or AC electrical connections, batteries, supercapacitors, solarcells, or other energy-providing devices. The use of the mechanicallycompliant tip of the magnetically movable component in the exemplaryembodiments of the magnetically latchable switch of FIGS. 5A and 5B orFIGS. 2B and 2C, for example, can include an elastomeric material toprovide improved reliability of scent release and blocking operations.Yet in some embodiments, for example, the magnetically movablecomponents may not include the mechanically compliant tip and canfunction to block and open the orifice.

In addition to the exemplary magnetically latchable switches as theopen/closure mechanism, the disclosed technology also includes thermallyactuated gating switch mechanism. One example is illustrated in FIGS.6A-6B.

FIG. 6A shows an illustrative diagram of an exemplary horizontallyaligned thermal actuated gating switch mechanism 600 of the disclosedtechnology. The switch 600 includes a plug 601 (e.g., formed of PDMS)having an orifice that allows the scented substance to pass through, inwhich the plug 601 is arranged in a transporting channel, showed asscented substance transfer channel 603. The switch 600 includes ahorizontally-moveable component 602 that moves to contact and notcontact the orifice of the plug 601. The horizontally-moveable component602 includes a spring that thermally expands when heated, e.g., byapplying an electrical signal from a circuit to cause resistive heatingof the spring component 602. For example, the applied electrical signalcan be supplied by a variety of electrical energy sources including wallplug-in electricity, a battery, a supercapacitor, solar cells, or otherenergy-providing devices. In some implementations, for example, thecomponent 602 includes a compliant tip that contacts the orifice of theplug 601, e.g., in which the tip can be formed of PDMS. The diagram onthe left of FIG. 6A shows the applied signal ‘off’ so that no heat isgenerated by resistive heating expandable spring component 602, andtherefore the switch 600 is open for release of the scented substance.For example, the spring 602 can include a PDMS coating, e.g. such as thetip, that can also be subjected to thermal expansion. The diagram on theright of FIG. 6A shows the applied signal ‘on’ so that heat is generatedby resistive heating of the thermally expandable spring causing thecomponent 602 to contact and block the orifice, and therefore the switch600 is closed.

FIG. 6B shows an illustrative diagram of an exemplary vertically alignedthermal actuated gating switch mechanism 650 of the disclosedtechnology. The switch 650 includes a plug 651 (e.g., formed of PDMS)having an orifice that allows the scented substance to pass through, inwhich the plug 651 is arranged in a transporting channel, showed asscented substance transfer channel 653. The switch 650 includes avertically-moveable component 652 that moves to contact and not contactthe orifice of the plug 651. The vertically-moveable component 652 caninclude a spring that thermally expands when heated, e.g., by applyingan electrical signal from a circuit to cause resistive heating of thespring component 652, and/or the component 652 can include a shapememory material. In some implementations, for example, the component 652includes a compliant tip that contacts the orifice of the plug 651,e.g., in which the tip can be formed of PDMS.

For example, the thermal expansion material/structure can be combinedwith a tight-sealing tip material for efficient switching operation,e.g., such as e.g., such as PDMS or other suitable material. Theresistive heating of an expandable spring in FIG. 6A causes the springto move horizontally, e.g., in which the exemplary PDMS elastomermaterial surrounding the spring can also add to the thermal expansion,thus to help close the horizontal valve to close the odor orifice. Forexample, as shown in the exemplary vertical arrangement in FIG. 6B, forthis thermal expansion valve to operate, the electrical current has tobe maintained to keep the switch closed, which is in contrast to thedisclosed magnetic latchable switch designs already described. Theexemplary vertical arranged thermal actuator switch can be latchable inexemplary designs including a mechanical latch saw-tooth structure. Forexample, the degree of thermal expansion can be intentionally adjustedso as to make the moving portion click on a step-like mechanical latch,while additional thermal expansion, e.g., by a short period increasedelectrical heater operation to a higher temperature to move the springpart further to the left (e.g., this is allowable since the material issurrounded by mechanically soft and compliant PDMS elastomer) andrelease of the mechanical step saw-tooth latch so that the thermalcontraction on ceased current flow brings back the moving part back tothe right to open the valve.

FIG. 7A shows an exemplary embodiment of a piezoelectric actuator switch700 in a horizontal configuration in a transporting channel. The switch700 includes a soft structure plug 701 (e.g., formed of PDMS) having anorifice to allow a scented substance to pass through, in which the softstructure plug 701 is arranged in a transporting channel, showed as thescented substance transfer channel 703. The switch 700 includes ahorizontally-moveable piezoelectric component 702 that moves to contactand not contact the orifice of the plug 701. For example, the component702 can move based on a piezoelectric effect of the material(s) ofcomponent 702 in response to an applied electrical voltage from anelectrical circuit. The piezoelectric component 702 can be configured asan expandable and contractible component or as a cantilever bending tomake the orifice or open.

FIG. 7B shows an exemplary embodiment of a piezoelectric actuator switch750 in a vertical configuration in a transporting channel The switch 750includes a plug 751 (e.g., which can include a soft structured material,such as PDMS) having an opening to allow a scented substance to passthrough. The plug 751 is configured in a transporting channel, showed asthe scented substance transfer channel 753, where the plug 751 spansacross the channel 753 except for the opening. The switch 750 includes avertically-moveable piezoelectric component 752 that moves toward tocover and away to uncover the opening of the plug 701. For example, thecomponent 752 can move based on a piezoelectric effect of thematerial(s) of component 752 in response to an applied electricalvoltage from an electrical circuit. The piezoelectric component 752 canbe configured as an expandable and contractible component including acompliant tip 754 attached to the end of the component 752 that makescontact with the plug 751 to cover the opening. For example the tip 754can be made of PDMS.

For example, the exemplary piezoelectric actuator switching mechanismutilizes a switchable valve operation using a piezoelectric material incombination with tight-sealing tip material, e.g., such as PDMS or othersuitable material. For example, an electrically activated piezoelectricvalve for scent release on/off switching operations can be made with ahorizontal movement valve design as shown in FIG. 7A or a verticalmovement valve design as shown in FIG. 7B. The applied electric voltagecan be supplied by a variety of electrical energy sources including wallplug-in electricity, a battery, a supercapacitor, solar cells, or otherenergy-providing devices. For example, the use of the mechanicallycompliant tip of the movable component can be used to provide improvedreliability of scent release and blocking operations.

Scent Transport Enhancement Using Micro-Fan Array

In exemplary implementations of the device 100 including multipletransporting channels to selectively transport and dispense of scents(e.g., allowing for multiplexing control of switching for dispensing adesired scent to be released), the width or diameter of the odor releasepath may be reduced to accommodate many paths, in any desiredconfiguration or bundle. Therefore, in such exemplary embodiments, thedevice 100 can include a fan-operated enhancement of scent transportincluding one or more miniature fans that can be installed in each ofthe scent transporting channels or a single fan connected to multiplechannels. For example, as shown in FIG. 8A, a single-fan-sharing designembodiment can simplify the assembly and lower the fabrication cost ofan exemplary device.

FIGS. 8A and 8B show schematic illustrations of an exemplary single-fanand multi-fan enhanced operation of scent transport via a nano- ormicro-scale channels in an exemplary multi-channel transporting channelarray. The exemplary system can include an optional system in whichpressurized, pumped, or fan assisted air at the inlet of systemtransports scented air through channels and outlet for scented gasdelivery is also possible. For example, the dimension of the micro-fancan be in the range of 500-5,000 micrometers, preferably in the range of1,000-5,000 micrometers.

As shown in FIG. 8A, a single fan configuration includes a plurality ofsubdivided or bundled channels (e.g., such as 40 channels), where thesub-channels can be configured to be nanoscale or microscale channels.For example, the sub-channels can be connected to each scent-generatingchamber. In some configurations, the sub-channels can optionally includepure air/gas flow to merge with the scented substance at an outlet,e.g., for the purpose of dilution or variation or control of the scentintensity. The single-fan configuration of FIG. 8A (104) shows anoptional air inlet(s) for dilution/scent intensity variation or control.

As shown in FIG. 8B, a multi-fan configuration includes a plurality ofsubdivided or bundled channels (e.g., such as 40 channels), where thesub-channels can be configured to be nanoscale or microscale channels,and one micro- or nano-fan is provided in each scent path. For example,the sub-channels can be connected to each scent-generating chamber. Insome configurations, the sub-channels can optionally include pureair/gas flow to merge with the scented substance at an outlet, e.g., forthe purpose of dilution or variation or control of the scent intensity.

Enhanced Ambient Temperature Scent Delivery without Using a PrimaryHeating Mechanism

In order to enhance the efficiency and potency of odor/scent transport,especially using ambient scent delivery without using a heatingmechanism (e.g., which provides a simplified device structure and lowercost), the disclosed technology includes the use of subdivided gasbubbles to enormously enhance the surface area of the overall bubbles.For identical volume of bubble, if the bubble size is subdivided, forexample, from 2 mm diameter to 0.2 mm diameter bubblets, the surfacearea is increased by one hundredfold, thus significantly increasing thedissolution kinetics of scent gas into the cold air bubbles.

Several exemplary embodiments of ambient temperature scent deliverydevices and mechanisms are described.

FIG. 9 shows a schematic illustration of an exemplary bubbling deliverymechanism 900 of ambient temperature (or optionally warmed) scented gasusing a subdivided scent transport path through the cartridge storagecompartment, which induces division of the bubbles into smallermicro-bubblets. In some implementations, for example, the ambienttemperature scented gas for delivery can be optionally heated. Theexemplary bubbling delivery of scented gas mechanism 900 can include aninlet region 908 for air blow into a channel or chamber 910 containing asubdivided scented liquid storage region 909 from which a scented gas isproduced and controllably released from the channel or chamber 910.

The inlet region 908 of the mechanism 900 for air blow can include oneor more inlets positioned in a variety of configurations in the inletregion 908. In some implementations, for example, a carbon filter orother type filter may be optionally included in the inlet region 908 forremoval of impurities and unwanted organoleptic properties.

The subdivided scented liquid storage region 909 of the mechanism 900can include a plurality of tiny holes or openings 907 to subdivide theair flow from the inlet region 908 but capillarily hold the viscousscent liquid above the holes or openings 907 without leakage. Thesubdivided scented liquid storage region 909 can include the scentliquid storage chamber 906 (e.g., provided in a cartridge, such as thecartridge 120 that can be inserted into the device 100). The scentliquid storage chamber 906 can be continuously and/or continuallyrefillable, or click-on, poke-ably or otherwise disposable orreplaceable. The subdivided scented liquid storage region 909 caninclude scent-modifying structure formed of a sub-divider structure 905of columns or walls, e.g., made of spaced-apart metal, ceramic orpolymer columns, separated bundles, microwires and/or nano wires. Forexample, the sub-divider structure forms a subdivided path using nano-or micro-wires, ribbons, or other geometry or shaped elongated members,to produce a divided bubble structure for significantly increasedsurface area and enhanced scent molecular diffusion from a region ofliquid to adjacent air (or gas) bubblets. Some examples of nanowirestructures that can be implemented include silicon nanowires, ZnOnanowires, TiO₂ nanowires, metallic nanowires, and carbon nanotubes,e.g. produced by catalytic etching, hydrothermal synthesis,electrochemical etching or anodizing process, or chemical process, orchemical vapor deposition process. Exemplary microwire structuresinclude bundled up microwires of metal, ceramic or polymers, e.g.,preferably with a separator or bump structure added so that themicrowires maintain certain gaps between adjacent microwire elements.The subdivided scented liquid storage region 909 can include smallerdivided bubblets 904 that transport diffused scented gas through and outof the region 909.

The mechanism 900 can include a switchable gate 901 including anelectrically switchable gate actuator, e.g., such as the magneticallyactuatable latchable switch of the disclosed technology. Optionally, forexample, the switchable gate 901 can provide introduction of addedsensory elements or a cueing mechanism through presentation of variableair flow, change in temperature (e.g., heating) of scented air, sound,etc. Optionally, for example, the exemplary mechanism 900 can include amist catching layer, filter or device 902. Optionally, for example, theexemplary mechanism 900 can include a filter 903 to capture impurities,e.g., such as a carbon filter or other type filter, which can be used toremove impurities and unwanted organoleptic properties.

FIG. 10A shows a schematic illustration of an exemplary bubblingdelivery mechanism 1000 of ambient temperature scented gas using ahighly porous material having porous structured paths. The mechanism1000 can produce gas bubbles to produce a scent for release by passingair through the highly porous material. In some implementations, forexample, the ambient temperature scented gas for delivery can beoptionally heated.

The mechanism 1000 includes an inlet 1007 to allow air blow throughtubes or via a one-way, free standing valve (e.g., in which the positionof the inlet may be varied). The inlet 1007 can optionally include acarbon filer or other type filter for removal of impurities and unwantedorganoleptic properties. The air blow from inlet region 1007 can enter ascent liquid storage chamber (e.g., provided in a cartridge, such as thecartridge 120 that can be inserted into the device 100). The scentliquid storage chamber 1006 can be continuously and/or continuallyrefillable, or click-on, poke-ably or otherwise disposable orreplaceable. As shown in FIG. 10A, air bubbles 1005 can go through thehighly porous material 1004. The highly porous material 1004 can producesmaller divided bubblets 1003 through the pores. For example, the porousnano or microstructure can allow passage of liquid by air flow orcapillary force, or gas (e.g., more efficient if heated).

The highly porous material 1004 can include, but is not limited to,nanoscale or microscale wire structures, nanoscale or microscale ribbonstructures, nanoscale or microscale structures with nanopores ormicropores, nanoscale or microscale particles, or nanoscale ormicroscale capsules. For example, the subdivided structure 1004 havingporous, large-surface-area nano- or micro-paths (e.g., having ˜100 nm to˜100 micrometer regime dimensions) can allow passage of liquid or gas(e.g., which can be enhanced if heated). Such materials can beconfigured to have a large surface area, and can have either a solid,immobile structure, a compliant movable structure of flexiblewire/ribbon array, or can be an aggregate of loose particles or hollowcapsules. For example, the porous large-surface-area material can bemade of porous glass, porous alumina or any stable oxide, nitride,carbide, fluoride, metallic material or their combinations, e.g., suchas made by sol-gel process, chemical synthesis, spark erosion,atomizing, plasma synthesis, mechanical pulverization, etc. For example,the nano/micro particles can be loosely sintered to exhibit a largeinterconnected porosity, or a porous structure made by selectivedissolution of second phase material from an initially multi-phasecomposites, anodization-induced, hydrothermally processed, thin filmphysical vapor deposition, chemical vapor deposition, electoless orelectrochemical deposition and other porous structure fabricationapproaches can all be utilized.

The mechanism 1000 includes a switchable gate 1001 including anelectrically switchable gate actuator, e.g., such as the magneticallyactuatable latchable switch of the disclosed technology. Optionally, forexample, the mechanism 1000 can include sensory elements or a cueingmechanism, e.g., through presentation of variable air flow, change intemperature (e.g., heating) of scented air, sound, etc. Optionally, forexample, the mechanism 1000 can include a filter 1002 to captureimpurities, e.g., such as a carbon filter or other type filter, whichcan be used to remove impurities and unwanted organoleptic properties.

FIG. 10B shows a schematic illustration of an exemplary bubblingdelivery mechanism 1000B, which is an alternative embodiment ofmechanism 1000 shown in FIG. 10A. For example, the bottom portion of thehighly porous structure 1004 is partially soaked with thescent-generating liquid from the scent liquid storage chamber 1006, soas to maintain some sustained capillary suction of the scent-generatingliquid from the reservoir below and generate scent as the air flow issupplied.

FIG. 10C shows a schematic illustration of an exemplary bubblingdelivery mechanism 1000C, which is an alternative embodiment ofmechanism 1000 shown in FIG. 10A. For example, the mechanism 100C isconfigured to utilize adsorbed, absorbed, or soakedscent-generating-liquid coated onto the surface of large-surface-area,porous nanostructures and/or microstructures of the highly porousmaterial 1004. For example, the surface coating or soaking of thescent-generating material is arranged by pre-soaking, oroccasional/periodic vigorous fluxing or upward movement of the liquidreservoir material with a burst blow of air to push up the liquid, oroptionally, for example, may be replenished or fed by a wickingmechanism/structure between the liquid reservoir and the porous nano ormicro structure. For example, an exemplary wicking structure can be madeof metallic, ceramic, polymer, paper, cloth or carbon based materials,or composite structures comprising at least two of these materials.

FIG. 10D shows a schematic illustration of an exemplary bubblingdelivery mechanism 1000D, which is an alternative embodiment ofmechanism 1000 shown in FIG. 10A. FIG. 10D also an inset 1099 showingillustrative diagrams of exemplary highly porous structures includingmicrostructure and/or nanostructure configurations. For example, thevarious exemplary structural configurations of porous nanostructuresand/or microstructures having large surface area for surface-coating,-soaked or -impregnated the structure 1004 with scent-generating liquid.

As illustrated in FIG. 10D, the exemplary large-surface-area porousnano/micro structure 1004 can have various structural configurationswith the large-surface-area surface coated or soaked or impregnated witha desired scent-generating liquid. Such configurations include, but arenot limited to, i) vertically aligned and spaced-apart nano/micro wireor ribbons; ii) vertical wire or ribbon array with branched nanowires oneach vertical wire stem; iii) flexible metal, ceramic or polymerribbon/wire array that can be moved or bent sideways for easier air flowor liquid flow; iv) random pored material like sol-gel processed silica;v) aggregate of solid particles, dry or wet slurry composition; and vi)hollow sphere aggregate (e.g. filled with scent-generating liquid). Someexample SEM micrographs of large-surface-area porous structures that canbe useful for enhanced scent generation are shown in FIG. 10E.

FIG. 10E show scanning electron micrograph (SEM) images of exemplarylarge-surface-area porous structures of the exemplary mechanisms ofFIGS. 10A-10D. The MP35N type stainless medical grade alloy wire (e.g.,with a chemical composition of 35% Co-35% Ni-20% Cr-10% Mo in wt. %) canbe subjected to ˜13 MHz RF heating to a high temperature of severalhundred degrees C., to perform plasma etch and introduce extremely fine,nanoscale branch nanowires for increased surface area, or is subjectedto higher temperature plasma etch to introduce a highly porous,interconnected pore structure so as to surface decorate withscent-generating material coating.

FIG. 11 shows a schematic illustration of an exemplary bubbling deliverymechanism 1100 of ambient temperature scented gas using verticallyaligned porous paths. The mechanism 1100 can include an inlet 1107 toallow air blow through tubes or via a one-way, free standing valve(e.g., in which the position of the inlet may be varied). For example,the air blow can be generated by pressurized air or fan-generated air orany single or mixed gases. The inlet 1107 can optionally include acarbon filer or other type filter for removal of impurities and unwantedorganoleptic properties. The air blow can enter a scent liquid storagechamber 1106 (e.g., provided in a cartridge, such as the cartridge 120that can be inserted into the device 100). The scent liquid storagechamber 1106 can be continuously and/or continually refillable, orclick-on, poke-ably or otherwise disposable or replaceable. Themechanism 1100 includes a vertically-aligned porous material 1104providing a porous path. The material 1104 can produce smaller dividedbubblets 1103 through the pores. For example, the porous nano ormicrostructure can allow passage of liquid by air flow or capillaryforce, or gas (e.g., more efficient if heated).

For example, such materials can include vertically-alignednanostructures or micropore structures such as made by anodized aluminumoxide (AAO) or titanium oxide nanotube array. The structure allowseasier passage of liquid by air flow or capillary force, or gas (moreefficient if heated). The exemplary vertically aligned porous pathsstructure 1104 can allow easier passage of liquid by air flow orcapillary force, e.g., as compared to non-vertically aligned structures.

The mechanism 1100 can include a switchable gate 1101 including anelectrically switchable gate actuator, e.g., such as the magneticallyactuatable latchable switch of the disclosed technology. Optionally, forexample, the mechanism 1100 can include sensory elements or a cueingmechanism, e.g., through presentation of variable air flow, change intemperature (e.g., heating) of scented air, sound, etc. Optionally, forexample, the mechanism 1100 can include a filter 1102 to captureimpurities, e.g., such as a carbon filter or other type filter, whichcan be used to remove impurities and unwanted organoleptic properties.

For example, it is noted that the transport of scented liquid or gas canbe accelerated if optional heating is employed. Such optional heatingcan be employed in any of the exemplary mechanisms shown in FIGS. 9,10A-10D, and 11.

FIG. 12 shows a schematic illustration of an exemplary enhanced bubblingdelivery mechanism 1200 of scented gas using an exemplary electricallyon-demand heatable subdivider columns or walls (e.g., which can be madeof connected Nichrome wire or microwire column array). Optionally, forexample, the heater alone can be used to generate the scented gas byheating without air blowing, or optionally utilizing capillary creep-upcoating of the scenting oil on the nano/micro wire surface, which iseasily released by air blow even without heating

The mechanism 1200 can include an inlet 1207 to allow air blow throughtubes or via a one-way, free standing valve (e.g., in which the positionof the inlet may be varied). For example, the air blow can be generatedby pressurized air or fan-generated air or any single or mixed gases.The inlet 1207 can optionally include a carbon filer or other typefilter for removal of impurities and unwanted organoleptic properties.The air blow can enter a region containing the electrically on-demandheat-able subdivider structure 1204 including microscale and/ornanoscale columns or walls. For example, the structure 1204 can be madeof connected Nichrome wire or microwire column arrays. For example, theheater mechanism alone can be used to generate the scented gas by mildheating without air blowing, or optionally, by utilizing capillarycreep-up coating of the scenting oil or solvent on the nano/micro wiresurface, passing air through the nanowire and/or microwire capillaryarray. The mechanism 1200 can include a switchable gate 1201 includingan electrically switchable gate actuator, e.g., such as the magneticallyactuatable latchable switch of the disclosed technology. Optionally, forexample, the mechanism 1200 can include sensory elements or a cueingmechanism, e.g., through presentation of variable air flow, change intemperature (e.g., heating) of scented air, sound, etc. Optionally, forexample, the mechanism 1200 can include a filter 1202 to captureimpurities, e.g., such as a carbon filter or other type filter, whichcan be used to remove impurities and unwanted organoleptic properties.

For example, it is noted that mechanisms to add sensory elements throughpresentation of variable air flow, change in temperature (e.g., heatingor cooling) of the scented air, generation of sound, etc. can beoptionally added to the exemplary mechanisms shown in FIGS. 9, 10A-10D,11, and 12. Also, for the exemplary mechanisms shown in FIGS. 9,10A-10D, 11, and 12, carbon or other type filters can be optionallyadded to or around the air or gas inlet(s) and other chambers orchannels in the device.

X-Y Matrix Switching for Scent Delivery Selection

The disclosed scent delivery devices can be configured to be capable of‘multiplexing’ (e.g., implementing sequenced or timed delivery of manyscents), from which any desired scent can be selected and dispensed inan automated and/or on-demand fashion. For a relatively small number ofdifferent scents (e.g., less than 50), each of the scent releasechambers can be independently addressed by an on-off command mechanism.However, as the available total possible number of different scentsincreases in a multiplexing system, individual control becomesincreasingly complicated and cumbersome (e.g., a multiplexing system ofup to 10,000 different scent chambers). According to the disclosedtechnology, for example, an X-Y matrix operation incorporating thelatchable magnetic scent release mechanism and other switching isdescribed in FIGS. 13-18.

FIG. 13 shows a illustrative diagram of the exemplary magnetic latchableswitch 500 that may be opened by demagnetizing the remanentmagnetization in the core of the electromagnet using a transistor-basedcontrol circuit to control the application of the signal to causeactuation. As shown in the exemplary diagram of FIG. 13, bothtransistors T1 and T2 must be turned “on” for current to flow throughthe wire 1301 wound around the core and for the latch to open allowingthe odorant to escape. For example, if either transistor is in the “off”state current will not flow and the latch will remain sealed. Thescented substance (e.g., gas odor) can be loaded into the lower chamberand subject to pressurized, pumped, or fan-assisted air. This scentedair cannot escape the chamber so long as the magnetic latch remainsclosed due to remanent magnetization of the electromagnets core. Forexample, once both transistors are turned on by grounding the otherwiseopen circuit connected to the base (e.g., a transistor switch setup),current is allowed to flow through the circuit, including the solenoidto operate with the doubled current (e.g., equivalent to H2 field inFIG. 4) to induce the magnetic switching and the scent gate open orclose activation. If the electric current equivalent to the magneticfield strength Hi is applied (e.g., without combining the X-current andY-current), the field strength is not sufficient to activate the core ofthe solenoid to magnetically switch. A gradually diminishing field cyclemay then be used to demagnetize the core and open the latch. To closethe latch again, a pulse current can be applied and then removed leavingremanent magnetization behind to hold the latch closed.

FIG. 14A shows a schematic of an exemplary 3×3 matrix of magneticlatches and transistors in a transistor-based control circuit forcontrolling the row and column of a selected latch. For example, thetransistors may be turned on by shorting the corresponding openconnection to ground. For instance, if the exemplary transistor 1 andthe transistor B were shorted, then the exemplary magnetically actuatedlatch 500B-1 would be actuated to open the channel and release thescented substance. This is just an example of one configuration of atransistor switch circuit for implementing the multiplexing of thedisclosed scent delivery devices.

FIG. 14B shows an illustrative diagram of an exemplary magnetic gatingarray for air path switch-on/switch-off combined with an array of scentgeneration mechanisms corresponding to the air path. For example,similarly as in the case of FIG. 9, 10A-10D, and 11, differentembodiments of the bubbling delivery mechanism can be utilized for scentgeneration in the exemplary gating array. For example, the source of thescent-generating liquid can be either a pool of liquid in a cartridgechamber, or adsorbed, absorbed or impregnated liquid inside or on thesurface of the large-surface-area nano/micro structures, e.g., such asthose illustrated in the inset 1099 of FIG. 10D and the exemplary SEMimages of FIG. 10E. Also, the large-surface-area nano/micro structurefor enhanced scent generation can be a fixed, immobile structure or aflexible/bendable structure, or a movable structure such as an aggregateof particles or hollow spheres, either loose, mostly in a dryconfiguration, or immersed in a scent-generating liquid. For example,the gating mechanism can also be selected from magnetically latchabledevice array, piezoelectric gating, thermal expansion gating or otherdevices.

FIG. 15 shows an illustrative diagram of an exemplary 3×3 matrix ofmagnetic latches and transistors in a transistor-based control circuitfor controlling the row and column of a selected latch, in which themagnetic latch of row 3, column B is activated. In this example, bygrounding the corresponding transistors, current is allowed to reach thelatch 500B-3 and demagnetize the core resulting in an open pore for thescented substance to flow through. The remainder stay sealed.

FIG. 16 shows an illustrative diagram of an exemplary piezoelectricactuated gating valve (e.g., a latch) which may be opened by applying avoltage to the piezoelectric actuator component that contracts as aresult of an applied voltage. For example, both transistors T1 and T2must be turned “on” for sufficient voltage to be applied to the actuatorto open the valve and allow the odorant to escape. If either transistoris in the “off” state, the voltage is insufficient to get the valve openand it will remain closed. For example, scented gas can be loaded intothe lower chamber under compressed, fan assisted or pumped air. Thisscented gas cannot escape the chamber so long as the piezoelectric latchremains closed. For example, once both transistors are turned on bygrounding the otherwise open circuit connected to the transistor base(e.g., a transistor switch setup), voltage is applied and current isallowed to flow through the circuit, including the actuator. Thepiezoelectric effect is contraction, thereby opening the pore andallowing scented gas to flow. For example, to close the valve again,either one or both of the transistors are turned off and voltage ceasesto be applied and the current ceases to pass through the latch. Thepiezoelectric actuator returns to its original form and closes theorifice, ceasing airflow.

FIG. 17 shows a schematic of an exemplary 3×3 matrix of piezoelectricactuated gating valves (e.g., such as the exemplary piezoelectricactuated latchable valve 750) with transistor in a transistor-basedcontrol circuit for controlling the row and column of a selected latch.For example, transistors may be turned on by shorting the correspondingopen connection to ground. This is just an example of one configurationof a transistor switch circuit for implementing the multiplexing of thedisclosed scent delivery devices.

FIG. 18 shows a schematic of an exemplary 3×3 matrix of piezoelectricactuated gating valves (latches) and transistors in a transistor-basedcontrol circuit for controlling the row and column of a selected latch,in which the magnetic latch of row 1, column C is activated. Forexample, by grounding the corresponding transistors current is allowedto reach the latch and the piezoelectric actuator contracts resulting inan open pore for scented gas flow. The remainder stay sealed.

FIG. 19 shows an image illustrating, for example, that selected scentsby an exemplary delivery device of the disclosed technology can bedelivered on demand directionally into the headspace of the individualor at the nose directly using an armature type structure attachable orbuilt into worn accessories such as eye glasses including Google glassestype of communication devices in form of eye glasses, music headphonesor other head-worn equipment or pieces, or via alternative embodimentsor structures. As illustrated in the example in FIG. 19, a scentdelivery device is attached to at least one side of the eye glasses inform of an armature piece and includes an extension with a tip near thenose of the person for dispensing the desired vapor or liquid for thescent based on the scent release device designs disclosed in thisdocument. The armature piece that embodies the scent deliver device maybe movably engaged to the eye glasses to be rotated, bent, or adjustablein its tip position by the user. The armature piece may be folded orconcealed at a different position when the scent deliver device is notused.

FIGS. 20A-20C show schematic illustrations of exemplary embodiments of ascent release device of the disclosed technology with respect to thebuilding, vehicle, or furniture, or other structure. FIG. 20A shows anexemplary scent release device mounted on or in a wall or a fixture ofthe building, furniture, vehicle, etc. with the source of electricalpower, air pressure, storage of scent reservoir array stored in, on orbehind the wall or the fixture. FIG. 20B shows an exemplary scentrelease device extended by a cord or flexible air channel structure.FIG. 20C shows an exemplary scent release device operated as acompletely separated hand-held device, (e.g., wand-like ormicrophone-like configuration), with the scent storage and possiblybattery self-contained within the wand and are replaceable when needed.For example, the battery can be rechargeable by electrical connection orby AC proximity charging.

In some implementations, for example, the exemplary scent deliverydevice 100 can include one or more a scent gas or vapor diffusers at theopening end of the scent delivery device 100, e.g., near the end of arelease tube, for control the spatial diffusion or spreading of thescented substance or scent. Such a scent diffuser may be configured tohave a porous geometry, channeled or wire-array geometry, spiral array,or gas blocking or reflecting geometry. The scent diffuser component canbe structured to have a geometry of tapered, perforated or spiralstructure. The scent diffuser component can be configured as part of thehousing 110 of the device 100. For example, in some implementations, thescent diffuser component is included as part of the transportingchannels 115, e.g., to control the flow of the scented substance (e.g.,vapor or gas) through the channels 115. Additionally, or alternatively,for example, the scent diffuser component can be attached to the housing110 connected to the openings 113, e.g., to control the flow of thescent released from the device 100 to particular locations in theoutside environment that enable the scent to remain in that desiredlocation for a predetermined duration before dissipating.

FIG. 21 shows schematic diagrams of an exemplary airstream diffuser cupor section of the exemplary scent delivery device. FIG. 22 shows aseries of schematic diagrams illustrating scented airflow circulationwithin the exemplary airstream diffuser cup or section of the exemplaryscent release device of FIG. 21. FIG. 23 shows schematic diagrams of anexemplary airstream diffuser cup or section of an exemplary scentrelease device including an inner cup. FIG. 24 shows schematic diagramsof an exemplary airstream diffuser cup or section of an exemplary scentrelease device including a perforated inner cup. FIG. 25 shows schematicdiagrams of an exemplary spiral-shaped airstream diffuser cup or sectionof an exemplary scent release device.

It is to be understood that the above noted figures are for purposes ofillustrating the concepts of the disclosed technology and may not be toscale. It is further understood that the present technology is notlimited in its application to the details of construction and thearrangement of the components set forth in the accompanying figures anddescriptions. The disclosed technology can be applicable to otherembodiments or of can be practiced or carried out in various ways. It isalso further understood that the phraseology and terminology employedherein is for the purpose of description and should not be regarded aslimiting.

The disclosed scent generating devices can be used in conjunction with avariety of consumer product, industrial, civilian or militaryapplications, including, but not limited to (a) entertainment such asmotion pictures, animation, live theater, exhibitions, video games,presentations, and multi-media; (b) communications via cell phones orother communication devices; (c) gift device and gift-card electronics;(d) interactive or sensory books; (e) perfume sampling, development,and/or testing; (f) perfumes emitted through jewelry or other wornaccessories; (g) localized air fresheners or fragrancing via or withinfurniture, furnishings, fixtures and appliances (h) scent-inducedsignaling or mapping; (i) training or testing; (j) education; (k) airfresheners in vehicles; (l) point of sale or augmented realityadvertisement of foods, flowers, consumer goods and packaging;, (m)biological, physiological or neurological activation/stimulation; (n)medical therapeutics and diagnosis; (p) malodor control and masking; (o)hygiene; (p) detoxification of harmful gas, (q) controlled, timedrelease of sleeping gas or unconsciousness-inducing gas, or laughinggas, (r) controlled, timed release of scents for behavioral control orinfluence of animals; and, (s) release of selective gases to influenceand/or control the behavior of soldiers, etc.

According to the disclosed technology, for example, the scent generatingdevice can be either fixed, portable, or (animal or human) bodywearable. The size and design of the device and cartridge system thatcarries the scent generating liquid or material is adjusted accordinglydepending on applications.

According to the disclosed technology, for example, the devices andmechanisms described herein are scalable to permit delivery of gas,e.g., scented or unscented, into larger (non-localized) spaces.

A number of embodiments of the disclosed technology have been described.Nevertheless, it will be understood that various modifications may bemade without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosedtechnology. Accordingly, other embodiments are within the scope of thefollowing claims. For example, wireless or wired activation/deactivationor remote controller activation/deactivation can be incorporated to thescent-generating devices.

Also, in embodiments dispensing and delivering gases, one or morefilters may be added for the purpose of removing impurities from the airin the incoming air, as well as near the outlet to remove impurities(and/or unwanted organoleptic properties in scented gas).

Furthermore, screened or otherwise displayed images can be synchronized,according to the disclosed technology, for example, with the release ofscents using counted timing sequence, or coded activation utilizingpre-embedded electronic signals received by the scent-release device bywire or wireless technique, or by using the displayed image (orcomponents thereof) itself as the signal that can be detected by thescent-release device.

Another variation in the exemplary device is for applications fordesktop computers, cell phones, tablets, wearable devices, and/or laptopcomputers, in which the scent-releasing device, according to thedisclosed technology, is connected to the main cell phone, write-pad orcomputer host device through the USB port, speaker jack outlet, otherports or wireless or remote mechanisms, with the scent-release devicecomprising an array of one-time-usable, replaceable or refillablecartridge that stores the scenting liquid or material, a component thatallows selective passage of scented gas or vapor or mist or liquid inthe multitude of path arrays, and electronically activated switch arraythat allows selection of specific scent to be passed.

Yet another variation is to incorporate a coding/signaling system thatallows synchronization of the scent release timing with the exact momentfor the corresponding displayed image or voice mail message or writtenmessage, and other control and powering device components, optionallycombined with various memory technologies or devices, audio, visual oraudiovisual technologies or devices and other sensory technologies anddevices (haptics, etc.). According to the disclosed technology, thecoding mechanism to synchronize the displayed image (or other virtualreality actions such as sound, music, mechanical vibration, etc.) withthe corresponding scent release can be based on image recognition, voicerecognition or other biometrics, electronic timing recognition, motion,light and/or color sensors, as well as by utilizing hidden image, sound,electronic or wireless signals from the scenes displayed (whether onscreen or via other display mechanism) that can be recognized/detectedby the scent-releasing device to initiate or stop release of specificscent(s).

In some aspects, the disclosed technology can include the followingdevices, systems, and methods.

In one example, the disclosed technology includes a single or multiplepath gas, vapor or liquid dispensing and delivery device including oneor more liquids or scented compositions or materials stored in one ormore chambers encased in or as part of disposable, re-fillable orreplaceable cartridges. The exemplary device can include single ormultiple gas, vapor or liquid transporting paths. The exemplary devicecan accelerate the speed of (scented or unscented) gas, vapor or liquidmovement. The exemplary device can include methods of switching ON orOFF each of the multiple paths to selectively allow passage of aspecific gas, vapor or liquid. For example, such scent generatingdevices can be either fixed, handheld, portable or wearable (e.g.,attachable to wearable accessories such as eyeglasses (e.g., includingeye glasses with display and communication capabilities such as Googleglasses) or music headphones). For example, such scent generatingdevices can, in part or whole optionally disposable, be extensible oradjustable to accommodate optimal placement within, or directed at, aheadspace. For example, such scent generating devices can be used formicro- or nano-fluidic or gas control or timed release and delivery.

In some examples, the exemplary device can include: magneticallylatchable gating structures with at least one solenoid and at least twomating magnetic materials incorporated, with at least one magneticmaterial as a solenoid core having an essentially square-loopmagnetization loop having a coercive force of preferably at least 20 Oebut preferably less than 100 Oe, with the squareness of the loopdesirably at least 0.85, preferably at least 0.9, more preferably atleast 0.95, as described in drawings of FIGS. 1-5 with detaileddescriptions in the specification, e.g., with at least one of themagnetic elements bending or position changing upon magnetic fieldapplication to the surrounding solenoid to activate the closure oropening of a path orifice for transport of a gas, vapor or liquid.

In some examples, the exemplary ON-OFF gate opening switching can beaccomplished with a pulse current of preferably less than 1 second, withthe ON or OFF state maintained without any use of electrical power oncethe switching is done.

In some examples, the exemplary ON-OFF gate opening switching can beaccomplished by a short, preferably less than 1 second AC magnetic fieldwith a gradually diminishing amplitude for demagnetization.

In some examples, the exemplary solenoid with a magnetic core can bepositioned vertically or horizontally, and the tip of the moving partcan be coated with a compliant, elastometic or other material for tightsealing when the switch is closed.

In some examples, the exemplary ON-OFF gating of the single or multiplechannel devices can be enabled by controlled thermal expansion of springmaterial and compliant, tight-sealable elastomeric or other pliablematerial, with such ON-OFF gating being either non-latchable orlatchable.

In some examples, the exemplary ON-OFF gating of the single or multiplechannel devices can be enabled by controlled expansion, bending ofshape-change of piezoelectric materials that show an dimensionalexpansion upon a voltage application.

In some examples, the exemplary gating switching ON-OFF in an X-Y matrixarray can be enabled by transistor or relay switch array.

In some examples, the exemplary gating switching ON-OFF in an X-Y matrixarray can be enabled by magnetically latchable switch using square loopmagnetic core inside a solenoid.

In some examples of the exemplary device, a specific gas is capable ofbeing produced from each of a multiplicity of liquid sources, solvent oroil based, e.g., by transporting gas bubbles through an array or forestof nanoscale or microscale subdivided paths to induce many subdividedmicrobubbles and increase the overall surface area of the bubbles (by afactor of at least 3, preferably at least 6, and even more preferably atleast 12 for increased diffusion of scent molecules from a given volumeof solvent or oil to the bubbles.

In some examples of the exemplary device, a scented gas can be producedby transporting gas through an array or forest of nanoscale ormicroscale subdivided paths within a highly porous structure fed andreplenished from a scent-containing solvent or oil source.

In some examples of the exemplary gas-generating devices, thesubdividing structure can be selected from large-surface-areanano/microwires, nano/micro ribbons, nano/micropores, aggregate ofnano/microparticles, or aggregate of nano/micro capsules, with thesestructures being either vertically aligned, randomly or optimallydistributed.

In some examples of the exemplary gas-generating devices, thesubdividing structure of the large-surface-area nano/microwires,nano/micro ribbons, nano/micropores, aggregate of nano/microparticles,or aggregate of nano/micro capsules can be immersed in ascent-generating liquid and the bubbling of air or gas collects one ofmore of the selected scents and transports them.

In some examples of the exemplary gas-generating devices, thesubdividing structure of the large-surface-area nano/microwires,nano/micro ribbons, nano/micropores, aggregate of nano/microparticles,or aggregate of nano/micro capsules, can be essentially dry, and notimmersed in a bulk liquid of scent-generating material, and no air orgas bubbles are present, with the large-surface-area nano/microwires,nano/micro ribbons, nano/micropores, aggregate of nano/microparticles,or aggregate of nano/micro capsules, already comprised of previouslysoaked scent-generating liquid or are continuously or continuallysupplied with scent-generating liquid, either occasionally orperiodically, so as to induce adsorbed, absorbed or soaked material onor in the large-surface-area nano/micro structures.

In some examples of the exemplary gas-generating devices, the adsorbed,absorbed or soaked scent-generating liquid can be supplied to thelarge-surface-area nano/microstructures to hold the scent-generatingcomposition (in liquid, dried or semi-dried solid form) in or on thenano/microstructures, utilizing methods including without limitationburst fluxing with scent-generating liquid, short-time vigorousbubbling, capillary suction from the reservoir of the scent-generatingliquid, intermittent supply of the scent-generating liquid throughinternal or sideway channels in the large-surface-areanano/microstructures using short-time air flow or vacuum suction, or viaa wicking mechanism/structure set up to transfer scent-generating liquidfrom a liquid reservoir (internal or external) to the large-surface areanano/micro structure.

In some examples of the exemplary gas-generating devices, thesubdividing structure can also serve as a local electrical or wirelessheater to enhance bubble formation and diffusion of scent molecules fromthe solvent or oil to the bubbles, or to enhance release of scentmolecules from the adsorbed, absorbed or soaked scent-generating liquidon or in the large-surface-area nano/micro structures.

In some examples of the exemplary gas-generating devices, the transportof the gas through guided delivery paths can be accelerated by anindividual microfan dedicated to each path or by a single shared fanpositioned near or at the exit region of the device.

In some examples, the disclosed technology includes methods for variousprocesses of fabricating or assembling the devices and materials of thedisclosed devices and systems as described in the drawings and in thespecification.

In some examples, the exemplary gas-generating and releasing devices canbe used for consumer, industrial, civilian or military applications,e.g., including, but not limited to, entertainment such as motionpictures, videogames, live shows, exhibitions and theater; fashion;clothing; communications; retailing; advertising; as an air freshener;perfumery; sensory/multisensory enhancement or effect; medicaltherapeutics, drug delivery or virtual surgery; education; training;testing; diagnostics; sampling; olfactory branding; olfactory displays;food, flavor or taste enhancement or modulation; health; sportsenhancement, simulation or training; malodor control or masking; as aninsect or animal repellent or attractant; pet or animal care; hygiene;aromatherapy; biofeedback; detoxification; and/or behavioral influenceor control.

In some examples, the exemplary gas-generating and releasing devices canbe configured as standalone, position-fixed, handheld, portable and/orwearable devices or equipment to be potentially incorporated into orwithin, used in conjunction with or attached as an accessory orperipheral to the following examples: clothing, furniture, furnishingsor fixtures; accessories such as jewelry, watches, helmets, musicheadphones, augmented reality eyewear and normal eyeglasses; vehicles;mobile phones, computers; laptops, notebooks, notepads, electronic orphysical books; training or diagnostic equipment; packaging of any kind;consumer goods; gift and greeting cards; medical equipment; militaryequipment; magazines; videogame consoles, iPods, radios, televisions andother broadcast or media-playable equipment.

In some examples, the exemplary devices can be triggered toactivate/deactivate by non-wireless or wireless means, and capable ofbeing synchronized to the workings or content delivery, transmission,transfer or broadcast of any other device, equipment or media.

In some examples, the exemplary scent generating devices can include thesynchronization of the scent release timing with the exact moment forthe corresponding screen or otherwise displayed image, voicemail,written, audio or audiovisual message, presentation, transmission orbroadcast, and other control and powering device components, optionallycombined with various memory technologies or devices, audio, visual oraudiovisual technologies or devices and other sensory technologies anddevices (haptics, etc). The coding mechanism to synchronize the image(or other virtual or augmented reality actions employing, for example,sound, music, mechanical vibration, 3D or other projection techniques,etc.) with the corresponding scent release can be based on imagerecognition, voice recognition, electronic timing recognition, motion,color and/or light sensors, as well as by utilizing hidden image, sound,electronic or wireless signals from images displayed that can berecognized/detected by the scent-releasing device to initiate or stoprelease of specific scent(s).

While this patent document contains many specifics, these should not beconstrued as limitations on the scope of any invention or of what may beclaimed, but rather as descriptions of features that may be specific toparticular embodiments of particular inventions. Certain features thatare described in this patent document in the context of separateembodiments can also be implemented in combination in a singleembodiment. Conversely, various features that are described in thecontext of a single embodiment can also be implemented in multipleembodiments separately or in any suitable subcombination. Moreover,although features may be described above as acting in certaincombinations and even initially claimed as such, one or more featuresfrom a claimed combination can in some cases be excised from thecombination, and the claimed combination may be directed to asubcombination or variation of a subcombination.

Similarly, while operations are depicted in the drawings in a particularorder, this should not be understood as requiring that such operationsbe performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, orthat all illustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirableresults. Moreover, the separation of various system components in theembodiments described in this patent document should not be understoodas requiring such separation in all embodiments.

Only a few implementations and examples are described and otherimplementations, enhancements and variations can be made based on whatis described and illustrated in this patent document.

1.-40. (canceled)
 41. A method for dispensing scents, comprising: movingone or more scented substances through one or more correspondingtransporting paths configured in a housing of a device from one or morecorresponding chambers in a cartridge storing the scented substances,each scented substance including a gas, vapor or liquid; actuating alatchable gate mechanism arranged in a transporting channel between aclosed position that blocks the transporting channel and an openposition that opens the transporting channel to selectively allowpassage of a corresponding scented substance; and dispensing theselected scented substance from the device to an outer environment. 42.The method as in claim 41, wherein the latchable gate mechanism changesto and from the closed position and the open position based on amagnetic, piezoelectric, or thermal actuator switch.
 43. The method asin claim 41, wherein the actuating includes applying a pulsed signal tothe latchable gate mechanism to cause the latchable gate mechanism tomove from the closed position to the open position, wherein the applyingthe pulsed signal is for a duration of or less than 1 second, and/orwherein the pulsed signal includes at least one of a pulsed electricalsignal including a voltage or a current or a pulsed magnetic field. 44.(canceled)
 45. (canceled)
 46. The method as in claim 43, furthercomprising: maintaining the latchable gate mechanism in the openposition and the closed position without use of electrical power afterthe pulsed electrical current is applied, wherein the applying thepulsed magnetic field includes gradually diminishing amplitude fordemagnetization.
 47. (canceled)
 48. The method as in claim 41, furthercomprising: operating one or more microscale fans configured in at leastsome of the corresponding one or more transporting channels toaccelerate flow of the scented substance.
 49. The method as in claim 41,further comprising: dispensing a specific scented gas using a pluralityof the fluids including scent-generating liquids, solvents or oil basedfluids contained in the corresponding chambers, the dispensing thespecific scented gas including: forming gas bubbles by providing airthrough the scent-generating liquids, solvents or oil based fluids in ahighly porous material structured to include at least one of nanoscaleor microscale wire structures, nanoscale or microscale ribbonstructures, nanoscale or microscale structures with nanopores ormicropores, nanoscale or microscale particles, or nanoscale ormicroscale capsules, transporting the gas bubbles through a transportingchannel of an array of nanoscale or microscale channels to inducemicrobubbles with increased overall surface area than that of the gasbubbles, and collecting the microbubbles from the array of nanoscale ormicroscale channels to generate the specific scented gas.
 50. (canceled)51. The method as in claim 41, wherein the device is configured to beone of a handheld device, a wearable device, or a fixed device attachedto a building, vehicle, or furniture.
 52. (canceled)
 53. The method asin claim 41, further comprising: synchronizing the latchable gatemechanism to move at a predetermined time, whereby the dispensing occursusing a timed release of the scented substance.
 54. The method as inclaim 41, wherein the cartridge is configured as a disposable,re-fillable, or replaceable cartridge.
 55. The method as in claim 41,wherein the method does not include heating the scented substance todispense the selected scented substance from the device.
 56. The methodas in claim 41, wherein the actuating the latchable gate mechanismincludes applying an electrical signal to an electrical circuitincluding an array of one or both of transistors and relay switchescoupled to an array of the latchable gate mechanisms to selectivelycontrol application of the applied signal to one or more of the selectedlatchable gate mechanisms in the array. 57.-74. (canceled)
 75. A scentdelivery device, comprising: one or more cartridges each structured toinclude one or more chambers containing one or more scented substances;a housing structured to include a compartment to hold the one or morecartridges, an opening to allow the one or more scented substances todispense to an outer environment from the device, and one or moretransporting channels formed between the compartment and the opening,wherein each of the one or more transporting channels is configured todeliver a scented substance from the corresponding chamber to theopening for delivering a scent from the one or more scented substances;and an actuator switch arranged in a corresponding transporting channeland operable to move between an open position and a closed positionbased on an applied signal to selectively allow passage of the scentedsubstance from the corresponding transporting channel, wherein theactuator switch is operable by actuation of a magnetic, piezoelectric,or thermal actuation mechanism, wherein the actuator switch is attachedto or placed within one of a stationary object or a movable object, andwherein each scented substance includes a gas, vapor, or liquid.
 76. Thedevice as in claim 75, wherein the scent delivery device is attached tothe stationary object that includes one of a household component,furniture, fixture, broadcast or media-playable equipment, computer,desktop electronic item, transportation vehicle, training or diagnosticequipment, or video gaming device.
 77. The device as in claim 75,wherein the scent delivery device is attached to the moveable objectthat includes a wearable item of a person or an animal, a transportableobject, or a portable electronic item.
 78. The device as in claim 75,wherein the device is attached or connected to an object or to anotherdevice.
 79. The device as in claim 75, wherein operation of the deviceincludes one or more of a single or a mixed scent release that isprogrammably controlled in quantity, flow intensity, mix ratio, on-offfrequency or overall duration of the single or a mixed scent release.80. The device as in claim 75, wherein the actuator switch includes amagnetic actuator switch configured to operate with magnetic attractiveforce and release of magnetic material components that are actuated byelectrically induced magnetizing or demagnetizing of solenoids.
 81. Thedevice as in claim 75, wherein the device is operable by or operable inconjunction with an audio device, a visual device, or an audio-visualdevice.
 82. The device as in claim 75, wherein the device is operable byor operable in conjunction with a haptics device.
 83. The device as inclaim 75, wherein the one or more cartridges or the one or moretransporting channels contain a plurality of the fluids includingscent-generating liquids, solvents or oil based fluids stored in ahighly porous structure comprising at least one of nanoscale ormicroscale wire structures, nanoscale or microscale ribbon structures,nanoscale or microscale structures with nanopores or micropores,nanoscale or microscale particles, or nanoscale or microscale capsules.